- 4.2.1Privileges and Immunitiesnot yet published The Privileges and Immunities Clause prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-state citizens in fundamental civil and economic rights — preventing the states from treating each other's citizens as foreigners — but the judicial exclusion of corporations from the clause's protection leaves the dominant form of interstate economic actor outside its structural reach.
- 4.2.2Extraditionnot yet published The Extradition Clause imposes a mandatory duty on each state to return persons charged with crimes to the state with jurisdiction — preventing state borders from becoming shields against prosecution — but for 126 years federal courts lacked enforcement power, and the post-Branstad correction that made the duty judicially enforceable did not resolve the emerging tension between mandatory extradition and significant divergence in state criminal-law policies.
- 4.2.3Fugitive Slave Clause (Superseded by A13)not yet published The Fugitive Slave Clause required free states to return escaped slaves — embedding the institution of slavery in the Constitution's interstate-obligation framework through euphemistic language — but the clause generated escalating enforcement costs and political crisis, and was entirely superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment's abolition of slavery.