- 4.3.1New States (Admissions Clause)not yet published The Admissions Clause grants Congress plenary but discretionary power to admit new states while prohibiting the partition or merger of existing states without consent — a design that enabled continental expansion but now strains against the modern reality of permanent territorial populations governed without full political representation.
- 4.3.2Property (Territory) Clausenot yet published The Property Clause grants Congress plenary authority to govern federal territories and manage federal property — authority that enabled continental expansion through temporary territorial governance but now sustains the structural anomaly of permanently populated territories governed without full constitutional protection or political representation.